5 College Traditions at Smith College Everyone Should Know About

Are you waiting to hear back from Smith College? Or, are you thinking about applying this fall? Either way, here are 5 college traditions at Smith you should know. Chartered: 1871 Location: Northampton, MA Type: Liberal Arts Size: Small Undergraduate Students: 3,033 Campus: Urban Notes:Smith College is apart of the five-college consortium, which includes Amherst College, Mount Holyoke, Hampshire College, and University of Massachusetts Amherst. Convocation One of Smith College’s favorite annual traditions is convocation, which signifies the start of a new school year. All the houses create a theme, in which all house members dress up or dress down and on the evening before the first day of classes everyone rally’s together for a big celebration. Each house marches, cheering and chanting house songs to the John M. Green Hall where the President and faculty give a speech welcoming back the students to campus and a good luck on the new school year. Mountain Day Mountain Day happens once a year during the fall semester, where on one nice day the president will ring the bells bright and early in the morning that cancels all classes for the day, allowing students to go out and enjoy the nice weather. Most students take part in house activities such as apple picking, kayaking on paradise pond, or hiking. Julia Child Day As many may know Julia Child, the famous chef is a Smith alumna, class of 1934, and once a year every dining hall will cook one of her world famous recipes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Each dining hall serves a different recipe, so you can imagine there is lots to choose from1 Otelia Cromwell Day Otelia Cromwell was the first African-American student to graduate from Smith. Each year the college cancels afternoon classes so students can take part in workshops focusing on diversity and race. Rally Day Rally Day, which was celebrated to commemorate George Washington’s birthday, is now a celebration for Smith alumnae to be awarded Smith College medals by the president. Rally day is also a day of celebration for the seniors. For the graduating class, Rally day is the first day the seniors publicly sport their graduation caps and gowns and it is also the reveal of who is the commencement speaker at graduation. If you werent considering Smith College before, you should now. Learn more about the college and its student body by browsing our database of 60,000+ successful college application files.

History of cloning Essays

History of cloning Essays History of cloning Essay History of cloning Essay Although the word itself has merely been around for merely four decennaries, the thought of making an being indistinguishable to another has been around for centuries. Even nature has utilized this procedure. The existent procedure of unnaturally cloning has been about since earlier 1900s, even though it is heard of more frequently in the modern universe. Cloning began in 1894 with the first ringer of an being. Hans Dreisch was able to clone a sea urchin, and his research led to Hans Spemann s multiple efforts and successes of cloning throughout his scientific discipline old ages. As engineering advanced, Robert Briggs and Thomas King used Spemann s consequences to make the procedure of atomic transportation used in modern cloning techniques. After many arguments over fraud and moralss, the Roslin Institute becomes celebrated for its scientists who created some of the most celebrated ringers, including Megan and Morag, Dolly, and other sheep. The universe of c loning expands with the find of new engineerings, and the moralss argument additions as the possibility of human cloning is made more known through many known frauds and existent experiments. The construct of cloning is making an being with the same DNA as another. This means that the natural universe has been making ringers for 1000s of old ages. Such illustrations are indistinguishable twins and self-fertilized workss. However, unnaturally making ringers deliberately by atomic transportation is, compared to the beginning of natural cloning, a recent human experiment. Although cloning has been highly successful in this past decennary, of import constructs and big stairss have been taken over the past century. The first successful cloning effort was performed by Hans Dreisch in 1894, who cloned a sea urchin by insulating blastomeres. Dreisch separated the urchin embryo when it was two cells big, and both cells matured into grownup beings ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . This experiment and others disproved Wilhelm Roux and August Weismann s theory that stated: The egg and sperm contribute chromosomes every bit to the fertilized ovum. The chromosomes are bearers of the familial potencies, and the source cells ( gametes ) of the embryo are the lone 1s to transport the complete set of familial potencies ( atomic determiners ) , whereas each bodily ( organic structure ) cell type contains merely portion of these potencies required for the particular cell type ( Berardino 2 ) . By dividing the cells of a individual developing embryo to make two beings, Dreisch proved that the bodily cell contains all familial information. The following successful cloning experiment was conducted in 1902 by German Dr. Hans Spemann on salamander embryos, bring forthing twins. Spemann split the embryo utilizing a strand of hair from his newborn boy, and the two ensuing cells grew into normal grownup salamanders. These salamanders were artificially-created indistinguishable twins. He repeated his experiments many times, and created mutation animals. He concluded that in order to make a normal being, the cloning procedure must be completed before what he called determination, or the phase in growing where cells specialize into different cells for different parts of the organic structure. This phase is completed in the early growing of an embryo ( Cheng n.p. ) . However, cloning in mammals remained impossible, due to the fact that mammal eggs are unseeable to the bare oculus, while amphibious eggs are big plenty to be seen with the oculus, and enhanced plenty to be worked on with the engineering available during the early century. In 1928, Hans Spemann created yet another ringer, except this clip by the first of all time conducted atomic transportation. Ten old ages subsequently Spemann designed a fantastical experiment that, although technically impossible at the clip, became the footing for cloning ( Presbyterian College, par. 4 ) . This procedure involves his atomic transportation. This was done by taking the karyon of a salamander embryonic cell into a cell with the karyon removed. The cell was so allowed to split and turn into a new being. This experiment proved that the karyon of an early embryo cell can take to the growing of a separate being, and hence making a ringer of the DNA giver. His work was published in 1938 in his book, Embryonic Development and Induction ( Cheng n.p. ) . Spemann s fantastical experiment stated that it is possible to utilize a karyon of a differentiated cell. However, he lacked the engineering to turn out his theory correct. The following recorded cloning was completed 24 old ages after Spemann s salamanders. Robert Briggs and Thomas King used the atomic transportation technique described by Spemann on northern leopard toads. During this experiment, King and Briggs removed the karyon from a blastosphere cell. The nucleus so replaced the karyon from an egg ( Brownlee n.p. ) . However, most ringers created from a differentiated cell were unable to develop, and the few that did were unnatural ( Beetschen 608 ) ) . This emphasizes Spemann s theory that the cell must be obtained before finding. In 1958 nevertheless, F.C. Steward obtained cells from the roots of a mature carrot root, and was able to make a normal ringer. He proved the procedure of making a normal being by atomic transportation utilizing differentiated cells is possible, but for many old ages these consequences would merely be replicated in workss ( Cheng n.p. ) . One scientist whose experiments support the theory that utilizing differentiated cells for cloning is John Gurdon. He believed that all the cistrons were non lost, but merely expressed in a different manner. His experiments during the late fiftiess and early sixtiess involved transplanting intestinal epithelium-cell karyon from Xenopus ( laevis ) tadpoles into enucleated toad eggs and managed to bring forth 10 normal tadpoles ( Campbell n.p. ) . His success was a major milepost in the universe of cloning, nevertheless many people were disbelieving about his claims. Gurdon was able to add support to his experiments by animating his consequences. He produced more normal fertile grownup beings from differentiated grownup cells ( Campbell n.p. ) . However, it would take another three decennaries for his consequences to be reproduced by a different scientist and to stop a bulk of incredulity about the legitimacy of his experiments. The word clone was non genuinely created until 1963 when J.B.S. Haldane is credited to hold coined the existent word, taken from the Grecian word for branchlet. The scientists up until this clip were able to depict and finish this procedure without of all time utilizing the term cloning. Haldane introduced this name in one of his concluding address Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Following Ten-Thousand Years ( Thompson, par. 18 ) . Over a decennary subsequently, scientist Karl Illmensee and his helper Peter Hoppe make a study stating they cloned mice utilizing a individual parent. This was purportedly completed by dividing the cistrons from the male parent and female parent instantly after fertilisation, making two half-nuclei. Illmensee so removed one of the half-nuclei and used particular enzymes to clone the other half, purportedly making 7 mice ringers. Two old ages subsequently in 1979, he stated that he cloned another three mice by utilizing atomic transportation. However, both claims were challenged because of his leery activities in the lab. He refused to demo the experiment in public. Besides, a pupil accused that the micromanipulator used was broken at the clip of the experiments. Another pupil saw the trial tubing Illmensee claimed to be keeping mouse eggs but found them empty. Another piece of grounds used against him was produced by a fellow scientist. The scientist attempted to bring forth a ringe r utilizing merely one parent, but failed each clip. A committee was set up, and they decided his experiments to be scientifically worthless until reproduced. Illmensee s claims are still a subject of argument, and remain a contention ( Cheng n.p. ) . During the Karl Illmensee argument, another subject of fraud emerged. Celebrated scientific discipline author David Rorvik wrote the book In his Image: The Cloning of a Man in 1978, which he claimed to be nonfiction. The narrative is about a 67-year old millionaire who hired a scientist to in secret clone himself. Not merely did this cause a three old ages of United States Congress hearings which ended with the book being ruled to be fiction ( Thompson, par. 18 ) , it sparked the fire of the human cloning moralss argument ( Cheng n.p. ) . Finally, in 1984, a mammal was cloned by atomic transportation. Despite many efforts by old agricultural research workers to clone cowss, Danish life scientist Steen Willadsen cloned sheep utilizing the Deoxyribonucleic acid from early embryologic cells ( Cloning pg. 4 ) . Two old ages subsequently, Willadsen cloned a cow from one hebdomad old embryo cells which had become differentiated ( Cheng n.p. ) . This success proved the old theory that familial information decreased in a cell as it specializes wrong. This promotion was besides a immense spring in cloning research, assisting to take to the cloning of an being from an grownup bodily cell. The following sheep to be cloned was Tracy, who was born in 1990 at the Roslin Institute. The intent of this cloning was to bring forth genetically transformed sheep that would show valuable pharmaceutical merchandises in their milk ( McLaren 479-480 ) . In order to alter the sheep s familial traits, Tracy was injected with DNA concepts into her pronuclei while still an egg ( McLaren 479-480 ) , which is much easier to carry through utilizing cloning engineering ( Cheng n.p. ) . The protein that Tracy and her progeny are prized for is their high degrees of 1-antitrypsin in their milk, a drug used to handle cystic fibrosis, emphysema, and other diseases ( McLaren479-480 ) . This development was a major discovery in cloning, non needfully in the engineering of cloning itself, but what curative possibilities that are produced through cloning. A big panic of human cloning was reported in 1993. Jerry Hall and Robert Stillman researched in vitro fertilisation of eggs. The American scientists were researching how to increase the success rate of this type of fertilisation when they came up with happening a manner to clone a individual embryo into three or four embryos to increase the opportunities of a successful gestation. Their technique involved fertilising an egg by multiple sperm cells, which resulted in an embryo unable to populate for more than a few yearss. This was non existent human cloning, nevertheless narrative headlines emerged stating worlds had been cloned, rapidly making much unfavorable judgment ( Thompson n.p. ) . Although this was non a development of cloning, it greatly fueled the big moralss argument go arounding around human cloning. Contrary to popular belief, Dolly the sheep was non the first animate being to be cloned by differentiated cells. This award genuinely belongs to Megan and Morag, cloned 19 June 1995 by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell in the Roslin Institute at Edenburgh, United Kingdom. The secret to cloning utilizing differentiated embryo cells was found to be hungering the differentiated cell of foods, doing it to come in a suspended province of cell division known as the G0 province. Then the karyon is fused with the enucleated egg utilizing an electric current. Because the cell rhythm of the karyon was frozen, the two cell rhythms are synchronized, and the egg s cytol can, in kernel, reprogram the karyon and both begin turning at the same rate as the other, and turn as a normal embryo. However, the intelligence of Megan and Morag s success was rapidly overshadowed by the slaughter of schoolchildren in Scotland that occurred instantly after their imperativeness release ( McLaren 479-480 ) . Then, on 5 July 1996, the ill-famed Dolly was born utilizing a differentiated grownup cell by Wilmut and Campbell. Dolly, named because the cell she was cloned from was received from the bag of six-year-old Ewe Finn Dorset which reminded Wilmut of Dolly Parton and her big thorax ( Lit n.p. ) , was the first ringer from an grownup cell. The success of this experiment sparked more thoughts for utilizations of cloning. It could be used to mass-produce genetically indistinguishable animate beings for research on human diseases. This technique may besides assist xeno-transplantation, and continue wild or endangered species ( Cheng n.p. ) . One twelvemonth subsequently, Wilmut and his squad cloned yet another sheep named Polly. What made Polly unique was every cell had human DNA nowadays. Reasons for this experiment is for bring forthing human proteins to bring around human diseases, every bit good as variety meats for organ transplants ( Cheng n.p. ) . Because of the human cistron factor in this new development, the moralss argument elevated even further, going a chief issue in the modern universe. After Wilmut s successes with cloning utilizing grownup cells, a overplus of cloned animate beings was created within merely a few old ages. Examples of these animate beings include CC the cat in 2001, rabbits in 2002, human embryos for root cells in Korea in 2004, and a Canis familiaris in 2005 ( Fact Box n.p. ) . These and other cloning progresss continue to look in intelligence headlines as new developments occur in the scientific discipline field with more and more ringers. The thought of cloning has been developed centuries, while existent research and cloning has occurred for over a century. These mileposts will go on to look for many old ages, with the rate of the successes perchance go oning on its exponential addition.

Soc crtq 2 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soc crtq 2 - Lab Report Example The last category is describes power to be controlled by a collection of interest groups that care for the economic and social welfare of the people. The author argues that the people running the corporate community and the growth coalition are the actual power dominators and describes them as the social elite. They account for only 1% of the total population yet their hold 15.7% of the total income. The focus of this article dangles around the identification of the people who control the 'superficial democracy' in United States. The author cites several studies done to investigate whether the power elites hold influential governmental offices. The results clearly show that these 'top level' people not only hold such offices, they also influence the policies to be made in the corporate world's welfare. People have the right to go against these practices and interest groups have tried to protect their rights, however, the top class maintains such terms that the lower class has to operate under them. The author further argues that the general public in the past has been able to extort the corporate world into giving them their rights by forming trade unions, observing strikes, staging sit-ins etc., nonetheless the corporations caved-in not because of the public pressure but m

Voice of the Customer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Voice of the Customer - Assignment Example Customer loyalty is yielded by customer satisfaction through improvement of products and processes. Customer loyalty is similar to customer satisfaction since they both participate in bringing new customers and they are a tool an organization can use in fighting competition. However, customer loyalty develops over a long period as opposed to customer satisfaction that is immediate. Voice of customer refers to all the activities undertaken by an organization so that they get the response of their clients so that they can respond to their unmet demands. These activities are continuous since the demands of customers keep changing over time. The tools used for VOC include interviews, surveys observation and field report. These activities differ depending on the kind of product being offered by the organization. It helps the business to identify the necessities of their customers so that they can respond positively to their needs and hence create customer satisfaction and later customer loyalty. A satisfied customer has a high probability of becoming loyal although it is not a guarantee. A satisfied customer who requires the product often can become loyal but if he/she does not require the product often they may not become loyal. Changing needs may also limit a satisfied customer from being loyal to a

Investigate the employees attitudes and perceptions in an organisation Essay

Investigate the employees attitudes and perceptions in an organisation to discover how these were related to employees job satisfaction and performance - Essay Example These two have been found effective indicators of job satisfaction in past studies. By using a survey questionnaire, the author would like to measure and understand how perception and employee attitude affect job satisfaction and ultimately job performance. In the past, a massive amount of attention has been given to studies involving job satisfaction and employee-related topics. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, employees and employers alike have both explored opportunities to improve working conditions and productivity that could lead to higher profitability. The changing times and needs of employers have been subjected to criticism and attention. What employers found motivating years ago may be different from what motivates them today? Their attitudes and perception could also be different from recent years. Such is why companies find it crucial to update knowledge and information on subject matter that could improve employee productivity. Happy employees are said to more efficient and productive at work (Durkalski, 2001). They exude a certain aura that also influences others and therefore produces an environment conducive for accomplishing work efficiently. This happiness may be related to job satisfaction and could affect job performance. For this paper, employees attitudes and perception, specifically organizational commitment would be examined and related to job satisfaction. Since job satisfaction is an abstract concept, the author found it beneficial to measure it through absenteeism and turnover ratio of companies. These two have been found effective indicators of job satisfaction in past studies. According to Saari and Judge (2004) different employees have different attitudes. Different people have varying perspectives on their jobs or careers. Even how one may view his or her organization may be different from

Jungs Theory of Psychological Types

Jungs Theory of Psychological Types Explain C.G. Jungs theory of psychological types as a developmental model As Anthony Stevens (1990) details, Jung’s theory of psychological types has many precedents in psychology and the philosophy of mind; it can be seen to be connected to such notions as Hippocrates’ concept of the four temperaments, its medicalisation in Galen’s four humours, the ancient Egyptian systems of astrology and the Chinese binaries of Yin and Yang. Jung, however, in his essay ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’ (1960) despite acknowledging his debt to such systems, stresses the notion that his theory can be distinguished from such intuitive ones through its use of scientific and analytical understanding, as he states: The historical retrospect may set our minds at rest as to the fact that our modern efforts to formulate a theory of types are by no means new and unprecedented, even if our scientific conscience no longer permits us to revert to these old, intuitive ways of handling the question.[1] As this paper shall assert, this image of change and continuity is crucial in understanding how Jung’s theory has and can be used as a developmental model to examine not only childhood development but that of the whole lifecycle. Jung’s theories on this area can be seen as a being constantly adapted by himself and others to widening their theoretical importance and, more importantly perhaps, to broaden their practical application. To this end, this paper is divided into three main sections: the first looks at Jung’s theory of psychological types as laid out in texts such as ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’ (1960), The Development of Personality (1981) and Psychological Types (1983); the second section looks how this was adapted and altered by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (Myers, 2000; Myers, 1962; Bayne, 1997) and lastly, the third and final section details briefly how each of these has been used as a full developmental model in practical psych ology and developmental science. It is hoped then that this paper represents not only a historical explanation of Jung’s theories but how they fit into a developing discipline. Jung describes the basics of his theory of types concisely in the introduction to the work Psychological Types (1983): In my practical work with nervous patients I have long been struck by the fact that besides the many individual differences in human psychology there are also typical differences. Two types especially become clear to me; I have termed them the introvert and the extraverted types.[2] There are two things of interest in this simple statement: firstly, as we have already stated Jung asserts the scientific method of his research (his theory arises out of observations in a clinical setting) and secondly, as Stevens (1990) details, Jung’s theory of types aims to accommodate both individual difference and universal similarity. The two basic psychological types in Jung’s framework, the introvert and extrovert, describe the basic relationship the individual has with the world and the objects around them: the extravert is defined by an outward flowing of libido, and as Fordham (1964) states â€Å"an interest in events, in people and things, (and has) a relationship with them and a dependence on them.†[3] The extravert draws energy from the world in which they inhabit and as Jung (1983) states, is more likely to have a ready acceptance of external events and happenings. They also show a need to be influenced by events happening to them and will have mo ral and ethical leanings that gravitate towards the collective[4]. The extravert is likely to be more willing to share views, to engage with others and to see their ideas as existing within a network of influencing factors (Shamdasani, 2003: 68). Conversely, the introvert presents us with the opposite view, as Fordham (1964) details: The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal; the libido flows inward and is concentrated upon subjective factors, and the predominating influence is ‘inner necessity’. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type’.[5] The introverted type, then, is happiest alone, ‘in their own company’ (to use Jung’s own phrase), draws energy from solitude, is more likely to formulate their own ethical judgements and frameworks, has a tendency towards pessimism and anxiety and finds safety and warmth with other people only when security has been established and the relationship boundaries have been fixed (Jung, 1983: 142-5). As we can see here, Jung’s basic taxonomy recognised only two general types and each of these corresponded to the individual’s interaction with themselves and the world about them. In his work ‘Psychological Types’, however, Jung also characterises ‘four basic psychological functions’ that he lists as: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Each of these functions, taken as individual tropes and as two pairs of binaries (thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting) enables us to frame not only the two basic types per se but how they are manifested in situation and behaviour. The two basic types and the four functions can be combined to form a series of eight major psychological types that serve to define and characterise an individual’s psychic propensity (Extraverted thinking, Introverted thinking, Extraverted feeling, Introverted feeling and so on). As Jung explains, this grouping was seen more as a flexible framework than a rigid meth od of pseudo-scientifically condensing the richness and breadth of humans as a species. As Stevens (1991) details, although these initial eight types have been expanded upon and used as the basis for psychometric testing, Jung’s interest in them was largely clinical, his writings outline how they can be used to understand the ways in which individual’s react to their environment and how clinical and pedagogical strategies can be formulated to best work with an individual’s own behaviour. As Knox (2003) suggests, the eight basic types of Jungian theory can be seen more as a method of classification than a developmental model. Whereas Jung’s concept of the archetypal lifecycle employed similar processes of taxonomy (the notion of life stages for instance) it was Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs who were to take Jung’s work and fully utilise it as a developmental model. As Myers (2000) details, the Myers-Briggs model expanded on Jung’s original thesis by adopting and adapting the concepts of the ‘dominant’ and the ‘auxiliary’ functions, this allows for the types to be seen, not so much as a series of binaries, but as a set of dichotomies that can be used to measure the relative make up of personality types within each individual. This resulted in an expansion of the eight types to sixteen, each of which was assigned a series of letters that allowed psychologists to formulate questionnaires and to calibrate results, as Myers herself details: Jung’s theory and the 16 MBTI types do not define static boxes; instead, they describe dynamic energy systems with interacting processes.[6] The Myers-Briggs adaptation of Jung’s original types made it possible for them to be used in more general, non-clinical situations (Waktins and Campbell, 2000). The sixteen types in the Myers-Briggs system have specific characteristic traits that can be used as a developmental model, not only in terms of how the individual may react to the changing life stages outlined by Jung (childhood, adolescence, early maturity, mid-life transition, middle age, late life transition, late maturity, death – [Stevens, 1990: 62]) but also in terms of the challenges that face individuals everyday. Myers (2000) for instance outlines the ISTJ individual (Introverted Sensing with Extraverted Thinking) as having: †¦a strong sense of responsibility and great loyalty to organisations, families and relationships in their lives. They work with steady energy to fulfil commitments as stated and on time. They go to almost any trouble to complete something they see as necessary but baulk at doing anything that doesn’t make sense to them.[7] Myers (2000) places such descriptions within a developmental context that highlights problems and potential areas for growth, asserting for instance that ISTJ personalities can â€Å"become rigid about time, schedules and procedures† and â€Å"find it difficult to delegate† (Myers, 2000: 14). Alternatively, those classified as ENFP (Extraverted Intuition with Introverted Feeling) can be described as innovative, stimulated by new people, see connections where others don’t and are likely to be curious, creative, imaginative and spontaneous. In terms of personal development, however, they can become frustrated â€Å"become scattered, have trouble focusing (and) be easily distracted† (Myers, 2000: 21). We can see how the Myers-Briggs model not only adapts the taxonomy of Jung’s original classification but also expands its uses – employing it far more as a general developmental model than a clinical tool, as Allen and Brock (2003) state: (The MBTI is) a tool for assessing those individual differences and has given millions of people a positive understanding of their own patterns of communication as well as an understanding of the mutual usefulness of differences.[8] As McCaulley (2000) suggests, Myers-Briggs Type Indicators can be used a developmental and psychometric model in many areas of counselling and education to determine such things as teaching styles, lifestyle strategies and methods of dealing with challenges and life situations. The development of type is a process that continues throughout one’s life: youth is seen as the stage in which we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions that form a major part of one’s personality, midlife allows us to develop and set the third and fourth functions and the latter stages of life allow us to adopt a lifestyle that is in conjunction with our own type preferences. As McCaully (2000) states, here Jung’s theory of psychological types and his theory of the developing lifestyle can be seen to coincide, with the latter being able to be used as a way that individuals can negotiate the former. Psychological types, especially as they were framed and described by Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs, can be used as a basis with which to formulate strategies that aid in the transition from one life stage to another. As a developmental model then it seeks to be both descriptive and curative. Isabel Myers saw the a whole range of uses for Jungian psychological types as a developmental model, most notably in the area of education and child development, for instance she states that It is particularly important to apply the ethics and values of type to relationships with children. Often in trying to meet a child’s needs, adults assume that what has worked best for them will also work best for the child. Lack of validation or acceptance of one’s preferences as a child can lead to low self esteem, defiance or adaptation of that creates strain.[9] The Jungian based MBTI developmental model has been used by all manner of different disciplines from management practice (Davidson Frame, 2003, Bess, 1995) to education (Morgan, 1997) from organisational theory (Schneider and Smith, 2004) to religion (Watts, Nye and Savage, 2002). Its use by such a wide variety of fields is surly a reflection of its place as a model that seeks to understand both individuated personality and universal archetypes. Also, as we have seen, it is a theory is constant evolution and one that is being utilised by an ever growing range of academic and practical disciplines. References Allen, J and Brock, S (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types: Patients Are Different, London: Routledge. Bayne, R (1997), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A Critical Review and Practical Guide, London: Nelson Thornes. Bess, J (1995), Creative R and D Leadership, London: Quorum Books. Davidson, Frame, J (2003), Managing Projects in Organisations, London: Jossey Bass. Fordham, F (1964), An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology, London: Pelican. Jung, C.G (1960), Modern Man in Search of a Soul, London: Harvester. Jung, C.G (1991), The Development of Personality, London: Routledge. Jung. C.G (1983), Jung: Selected Writings, London: Fontana. Knox, J (2003), Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind, London: Brunner-Routledge. McCaulley, M (2000), ‘The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Counselling’ published in Watkins, E and Campbell, V (2000), Testing and Assessment in Counselling, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 111-174. Morgan, H (1997), Cognitive Styles and Classroom Learning, London: Praeger. Myers, I (1964), The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, London: Consultant Psychologists Press. Myers. I (2000), Introduction to Type, London: OPP. Schneider, B and Smith, D.B (2004), Personality and Organisations, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Shamdasani, S (2003), Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stevens, A (1990), On Jung, London: Penguin. Watkins, E and Campbell, V (eds) (2000), Testing and Assessment in Counselling, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Watts, F, Nye, R and Savage, S (2002), Psychology for Christian Ministry, London: Routledge. 1 Footnotes [1] C.G. Jung (1960), ‘A Psychological Theory of Types’, published in Modern man in Search of a Soul, London: Harvester, p. 83 [2] C.G. Jung (1983), Psychological Types, published in Jung: Selected Writings, London: Fontana, p.129 [3] Frieda Fordham (1964), An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology, London: Pelican, p.29. [4] See for instance Jung’s assertion that â€Å"the extravert’s philosophy of life and his ethics are as a rule of a highly collective nature with a strong streak of altruism, and his conscience is in large measure dependant on public opinion.† (Jung, 1983: 141) [5] Fordham (1964), p. 30. [6] Isabel Myers (2000), Introduction to Type, London: OPP, p.7 [7] Myers (2000), p.14 [8] Judy Allen and Susan Brock (2003), Health Care Communication Using Personality Types: Patients Are Different, London: Routledge, p.7 [9] Myers (2000), p.36

Medias Effect On Voters :: essays research papers

In our lazy nation today, most of the American citizen cast their vote on what they see on the news. It is safe to say that the media primarily control peoples opinion on political issues. Unfortunately the worlds most developed nation don't have time to carefully pick their leaders in any level. While vast opportunity of research is available to the American citizen to carefully pick their candidates, they choose to go along with the with what the media tells them to do. It is the media that controls the nation, it is the media that selects the agenda, and it will be the media that selects the president. Media also gives vast amount of information to keep us up to date with the changing world. It is important to watch the news, because news allows us to be up to date on current events. When it comes to keeping up with news, I usually tune to several different sources such as PBS and ABC. I choose to watch PBS and ABC because these sources generally gives the cold facts first, then allows journalist to give their opinion on certain issues. This is helpful because when the viewer knows the facts, they can relate their opinions to the opinions of the journalist. There are times when the media gets carried away with information, they allow their opinion to drive the fact, instead of the facts driving the opinion. This example was experienced in the case between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. The journalist's opinions, not facts drove the nations though about the issue. After President Clinton testified in front of Mr. Starr we learned the cold facts. This is why I believe media's most important job is to inform the public.Media's job is to inform. I'm not against media's quest to make profit, but I'm against it when media, the informer, gives untrue stories to catch ratings. What is the point of having a teacher who is interested in making money and forgetting about the most important thing, which is to teach children? In a nation that is so dependent on the media, it must be their duty to inform. The president himself is dependent on the media to keep up with the changing world. There must be other ways to gain ratings, but misinforming the public is not one of the options. That is why if I were to run for a public office, my primary link to the electorate would be CNN.

Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in line with policies and procedures of own setting Essay

If a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in our setting we would follow the following guidance, policies and procedures: Listen to the child and take whatever he/she is saying seriously as the child will only disclose such information to somebody they feel they can trust. Offer support without judging or criticizing anything they are saying, try not to display shock or disbelief. Try to clarify information without over questioning or asking direct questions, writing down word for word what the child discloses, asking the child to draw or write (if appropriate) in a quiet, comfortable environment. Do not criticize the perpetrator as the child may still love this person. Be honest about your responsibilities and try to explain what happens next. Explain your responsibilities about confidentiality, and do not promise confidentiality. Wherever possible, consult with your manager or nominated safeguarding person. Make sure that there are no delays in protecting the child. Within the principle of keeping the child safe, do not do anything that may aggravate the situation or cause further harm or distress to the child. Record relevant information including dates and times in out incident record book along with drawings of the child’s injuries that we have witnessed (if relevant). My line manager who is also the safeguarding officer would then report immediately to social services who would then hopefully take the matter further, whether that is contacting the police, health visitor or/and the child’s family. We would give evidence if needed, attend any core meeting and follow up to make sure the child was getting the safety that he/she deserves even if this means continuing to pursue our concerns via the health visitor, social services etc.

Marketing Workflow Process How to Reduce Work By 30% to 50%

Marketing Workflow Process How to Reduce Work By 30% to 50% Have you ever hit a snag as you manage projects? Maybe some details got missed. You had to work on something at the last minute. You have way too much on your plate. It felt like a fire drill. And it felt disorganized. But what if you never had to feel that way again? Workflow process mapping for your marketing projects can help you: Reduce the amount of work within a project by 30-50%. (!!!) Start projects at the right times to help you nail every deadline. Collaborate + delegate more efficiently than ever before. Ready to get started? How To Boost A Marketing Workflow Process That Will Reduce Work By 30-50%Team Management Dashboard: Manage Your Team's Workload More Effectively  Than Ever Gain powerful insight into your team’s daily and weeks tasks in one dashboard. The Team Management Dashboard gives managers ultimate visibility into team member's priorities. You can pinpoint bottlenecks in workload, see project status, and set realistic goals for your entire team (without the endless status meetings.) With the  Team Management Dashboard from , you'll: Gain ultimate visibility into each team member's daily priorities, so you can focus on driving productivity and meeting your deadlines NOT scouring the calendar for project updates. Easily identify who has too much on their plate and who can take on more work, so you can get more done and keep team members happy. Know who’s falling behind (and who’s rockin’ it).  Get a snapshot of every team member’s progress with completed, overdue, and incomplete tasks, so you can set realistic goals for your team and address concerns faster. 1. Map Out Everything That Needs To Be Done Andrew S. Grove, former chairman and CEO at Intel, writes about the concept of removing unnecessary tasks from processes in his book, High Output Management. He calls this work simplification. And, to be honest, it's a very easy idea to grasp + implement. Andrew suggests: ...you first need to create a flow chart of the production process as it exists. Every single step must be shown on it; no step should be omitted in order to pretty things up on paper. To implement this advice, you could: Open Evernote and type every step in your process in a bulleted list. Grab a stack of Post-It notes + a Sharpie and wrote one step per sticky note. Find a notepad + a pencil and get everything on paper. At this point, you are looking for a raw list of every single step in a process. For example, here is a workflow process sample of all of the steps we consider as we write a blog post at : Note: This is a simple checklist in Evernote. It's not overcomplicated. Action item: Write down every step in your workflow  in chronological order. 2. Reduce The Number of Steps in Your Workflow In High Output Management, Andrew shares: Second, count the number of steps in the flow chart so that you know how many you started with.  Third, set a rough target for reduction of the number of steps. In the first round of simplification, our experience shows that you can reasonably expect a 30 to 50 percent reduction. To implement the actual simplification, you must question why each step is performed. Typically, you will find that many steps exist in your workflow for no good reason. Often they are there because of tradition or because formal procedure necessitates it, not for a practical reason. Putting this advice into practice for our blog post workflow example, I  targeted removing at least 5 of the 28 steps (highlighted in yellow): As you do this process for your own workflow, look for steps that: Fall into other processes and will happen regardless of including this as an actual task in your workflow. Examples for the blog post included emailing audience and responding to blog comments. Simply don't need to happen. For example, our social media graphics are the same as the graphics we design for blog content (our graphic designer, Ashton, just sizes them appropriately for each social media network). No one needs to review her work if we nail the initial review correctly, so this is a step that doesn't need to exist. Used to be helpful, but are now outdated.  We used to  define angles and peer review outlines at a time when we changed our standards of performance for blog content. These steps were helpful to  instill a culture change for every piece, but now the team knows the expectations. In this example, we can remove those two steps because we trust the team to complete their work effectively. Exist for  office bureaucracy. When you completely trust your team, there is no need for approvals. More eyeballs = slower, inefficient process. If you don't trust your team to ship quality work, improving your workflow is not the problem (and it won't be the solution). Action item: Remove unnecessary steps from your workflow. 3. Combine Steps Into Tasks In addition to removing steps from your workflow entirely, there is likely an opportunity to consolidate similar steps  together. This practice will help you remove some  clutter from your workflow,  simplify your process, and make delegating + communicating tasks a lot easier. For example, with the blog post workflow, I consolidated 23 steps into 13: Note that at this point, you'll want to clearly begin every task with a verb. As you delegate, this makes it clear what you expect the assignee to do before she marks the task as complete. Action item: Consolidate the steps into tasks  beginning with clear action verbs. 4. Give Each Task a Clear Definition of Done And since you'll be delegating, you may need to literally write out your expectations for each task. What does done look like before the assignee checks it off her to-do list? This simple process gives you the chance to clearly communicate expectations before you assign work. And as you share the definitions with your team, it gives your assignees a framework to reference as they execute so they can self-serve and answer the questions themselves (further improving their productivity  and autonomy). Action item: Write the definition of done for each task.  Clearly lay out your expectations. 5. Choose Who Will Complete Each Task You likely already know the folks who serve specific marketing roles within your business. Now, it's time to determine who among your team is best suited for each of the tasks. For our blog post workflow example, defining who does what  could look like this: Action item: Choose who will complete each specific task within your workflow. 6. Determine How Long it Will Take to Complete Each Task Now that you know who is doing what, you can have a simple conversation with each team member involved in the process. During this chat, show your assignee the workflow as a whole  and explain the definitions of done. Then, ask a simple question: How long will it take to complete this task? You will use this information to help you understand when to begin working on  the project so you can nail your deadlines. For example, this is what it may look like for the blog post workflow: This process helps you see where there are opportunities for multiple different team members to be working on different parts of the project at the same time (so you can ship faster). For example,  Ben can proofread and optimize as Ashton starts her designs. It also gives you some perspective into how much work a specific team member can realistically take on. And it will help you  understand how far in advance you should assign  the tasks to be due. Action item: Determine how long it will take to complete each task within your workflow. 7. Plan When Each Task Needs To Be Complete At this point,  review every task and think about the due date as: # days before publish I've found it helpful to start your review with the last task in your workflow. Why? Because you can realistically work backward  to understand when to start the project, taking into consideration every task, team member, and their time commitment. Ask yourself: How many days before publish (or launch) does the last task in my  workflow need to be complete? Is it one day? One week? From there,  determine how many days before publish the other tasks need to be complete. Keep in mind, there may be opportunity for different team members to complete tasks simultaneously (which will help you ship faster). This is an extremely  subjective part of the framework and will require a lot of good + realistic judgment on your part. So, here is an example of what this would look like for our blog post workflow example: In this example, I started my review with the last task in our workflow: Schedule blog post to publish. I like to see blog posts 100% complete two weeks before they publish. This gives us a bank of content and a framework of when we should realistically start working on content to keep that bank of completed content a reality. After I nailed down when the  last task needs to be complete, I worked my way "up" the task list and assigned X days before publish due dates to all of the tasks. Now I know in order to write a blog post up to our standards, we should start working on it 22 days before publish. Agile Sprint Planning Can Make This Even Easier Agile is a project management technique that is growing in popularity amongst marketing teams. It is particularly popular for its ability to accurately breakdown large projects into smaller chunks that are more likely to be accomplished on time. Part of the Agile process is collaboratively determining team velocity and the break down of tasks. Doing so collaboratively means the project is more likely to be completed on time as the individual who will be doing the work can give their estimations of how long it will actually take them to accomplish the tasks. Here's how it works:   Your team velocity is their overall capacity to accomplish work. This is typically calculated based team input and historical performance. It can be calculated using some basic math. Every task your team completes a holds a certain point value. Once every task of your project is broken down, team members will assign the task a point value on a scale of 1 to 3... 1 is the easiest to complete and takes the lest amount of time; 3 is the most difficult and takes the most amount of time. Task A: 1 point Task B: 2 points Task C: 2 points Task D: 3 points Project Velocity Total: 8   Let's say that previous projects that were an 8 point velocity  were delivered in a total of 3 days. Now you know exactly how many days to allocate for the work to be completed. Action item: Determine how many days before publish each task must be completed. I'm not gonna lie: My Evernote example is starting to look like a mess. That's where comes into play. 8. Delegate The Tasks: Notify + Remind + Collaborate At this point, your team knows the tasks they are responsible for completing + the definition of done for those tasks. So your next step is to clearly: Notify the assignee when you delegate  a task so she knows what to execute. Communicate the due date for that task (transitioning your plan of # days before publish into  clearly defined calendar dates). Remind the assignee again the day before a task is due to make certain the task gets complete. You can do this via email or instant message tools like Slack or HipChat. Or you can build the workflow you created into to automatically share this information without the manual busywork. ;) Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Process With 11 Content Marketing Workflow Tips In your marketing calendar, open a new blog post. From here, select the task template icon and + New Template. Now you can add  all of the  process you just created into a reusable marketing workflow. Simply name your task template and hit Next. Then add each of your tasks, assign it to the team member, and add your # days before publish. Now you can apply + reuse that task template with a couple simple clicks, which works extremely well for recurring projects like the blog post example we've been using as a teaching aid throughout this  article. The moment you apply the task template, everyone who is assigned a task is notified by email and in their personal dashboard (which serves nicely as a daily to-do list). The day before a task is due, automatically emails the assignee to make sure the work gets done. Action item: Assign the tasks for your project, notify  each team member on the task due date, and remind each team member the day before  her task is due. (When you use , you just need to build your task template once and apply it to automatically do this without the manual busywork). 10. Track Team Progress Now you can follow the same process you learned from this article to create workflows for any project you choose to take on! Afterward, you'll likely want to know what's working  (and what's not) so you can improve your process. Lucky you- also has a feature called  the Team Performance Report. ^^^ This report helps you know your team's completion rate for all marketing tasks on your calendar. That includes: Tasks completed on time  (so you know your workflows are really working). Tasks completed past due (so maybe you need to tweak  minor # days before publish  somewhere because the work is getting done, just not when you expected). Tasks overdue (so you can see exactly what is NOT getting done and address snags with your team  quickly). You can also use burn charts to understand the amount of tasks you are assigning to your team and how many are overdue. This helps you spot trends + address snags before you miss any deadlines. With Team Reports, you can also see who is falling behind (and who's rockin' it). You'll click through to see even more information about each team member's performance with completed, overdue, and incomplete task reports. And that will help you tweak your workflows + set realistic goals + address concerns faster. Action item: Find the tool that helps you understand when tasks are completed on time, completed past due, and  overdue. How Will You Organize Your Marketing Workflow Process? The framework you  just learned has helped  the marketing team at get organized, work smarter, and boost our productivity. And hey, if you want to make it even easier on yourself... let us know! You can set up a demo below...

Ramadan in Islamic Traditions

Ramadan in Islamic Traditions Today there are lots of different religions so that people can easily find the one to follow. The new ones are not very popular, and some of them are even unknown to the majority of the general public, which cannot be said about those that are accepted by millions of individuals. Islam1 is one of them, as it is said to have more than a billion of followers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan in Islamic Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A monotheistic worldview that is created by this religion proves it to be similar to others including Christianity; still they should not be discussed as familiar ones. Islam became known as a religion with numerous followers at the beginning of the 7th century, and its occurrence cannot be described without the connection to Muhammad2. According to Islamic tradition, this man is a non-direct descendant of Adam. He lived an ordinary life till he turned 40 years of age. A t this period, Muhammad saw a vision from the angel Gabriel, and this event changes his life greatly, as with the course of time he turned into a prophet. The first vision was received during the month of Ramadan, which is exceptional for Muslims3 (Anderson 10). Ramadan is the 9th month in the Islamic year, which is based on the changing moons, so the time when it occurs and its duration (29-30 days) differ. It is a sacred period of time for Muslims, and for many years already they devote it to fasting and praying (Murray 6). This month is given to people to show their devotion to Allah. However, currently Muslims tend to observe only the third pillar4 of their religion (fasting) and forget about prayers and charity. Today they are changed for parties and shopping, which resembles a holiday more than the act that should prove people’s belief in Allah (Blackwell 2). During this month, Muslims take suhur5 before the sunrise and end the day with iftar6 (â€Å"Ramadan, the Month of Fasting† par. 6). Ramadan reaches its decline with the holiday that is called Eid al-Fitr, during which Muslims are not permitted to fast. Nowadays many people are allowed to change their religion to the one they find the most appropriate and lots of individuals are immigrants who changed their location, Ramadan is celebrated not only in the Muhammad’s native country but also in the US, New Zealand and other places. Ramadan unites all followers of Islam giving them the time they can use to focus on their faith and families. Thousands of people gather in one place to pray in Arabic even if it is not their native language, as the Quran7 is written in it. The reason Ramadan is still celebrated by all Muslims lies in the fact that the followers of Islam believe that during this month the gates to heaven are open while those that lead to hell are closed. It means that Allah looks at people and rewards their good deeds that can be easily conducted as the devil cannot infl uence them.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a consequence, many believers try to give up their bad habits and pray more. This is the time when the least disagreements occur and when people develop their positive qualities that are likely to make them closer to God. Among the customs that are considered to enhance spirituality is charity. Muslims tend to help poor people. They gather food, clothes and money to give it those who are in need. They also read the Quran and try to look through it till the end before Ramadan ends (Sievert 8). According to the Quran, people who are not able to conduct some of the expected actions during Ramadan can substitute them by different ones: â€Å"If one volunteers (more righteous works), it is better; but fasting is the best for you, if you only knew† (Tucson par. 3). In this way, more Muslims can keep to their religion a nd its rules, which allows Islam remain extremely popular among the population of the world. The followers also believe that the things they are to do are all beneficial for them, as Allah would never ask them to do something bad. They have proved this theory by proving the positive effects of fasting, which also reduces the number of non-believers. In some countries, the individuals who fail to follow the rules of Ramadan are treated as criminals and can be even put in prison for several years. There are also some other ways of punishment that include fines and physical punishment. In this way, the crime rates decrease greatly. Thus, Ramadan is extremely important for all followers of Islam regardless their location and nationality. This is the month when people become highly religious and act according to the accepted norms. Ramadan is not only the way to show the devotion to God but also a thing that make people less aggressive and more generous. Anderson, Kerby. A Biblical Poin t of View on Islam, Eugene: Harvest House Publishers, 2007. Print. Blackwell, Amy. Ramadan, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan in Islamic Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murray, Julie. Ramadan. Edina: ABDO, 2011. Print. Ramadan, the Month of Fasting n.d. Web. https://www.colostate.edu/. Sievert, Terri. Ramadan: Islamic Holy Month, Mankato: Capstone, 2006. Print. Tucson, Masjid. Blessings of Ramadan 2006. Web. masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/2006/sep/page1.html. References 1 The Abrahamic religion according to which the aim of the human’s existence is worshipping to Allah (God); the second largest religion. 2 Muá ¸ ¥ammad ibn Ê ¿AbdullÄ h is the messenger sent by Allah to direct people. 3 People who follow Islam.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 4 The acts that Muslims are to conduct being believers. There are 5 pillars in total. 5 The pre-dawn meal during Ramadan. 6 The evening meal during Ramadan. 7 The main text of Islamic religion, which reveals the Allah’s messages.

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach Essay

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach - Essay Example The benefits and challenges of this reporting is looked into and the need to adopt in corporations. Woolworth, a categorical large corporation is analysed in regards to the extent it has adopted integrated accounting. Guidelines for integrated reporting are set out globally through various bodies like the International integration reporting committee amongst others. The meaning of sustainability In the business context, sustainability can be defined as an approach that attempts to achieve long-term shareholder value by taking opportunities and managing risks emanating from economic, social and environmental development, but at the same time cutting back sustainability costs and risks (Michalski et al, 2002, 6). To achieve sustainability the business presents itself an opportunity to grow economically while attaining social fairness and environmental protection for its stakeholders. Apparently Woolworth considers sustainability in its business operations. The success of sustainability is high returns to the business and benefits to the community at large. Woolworth is presented with an opportunity to do good to the various stakeholders in turn earn returns on investments made towards sustainability. Woolworth’s policy on the Destination Zero clearly depicts a responsible employer in safety measures. This indicates no harm to people, property and the community. Reduction of potential harm is a social responsibility to Woolworth and thus maintaining the lead in retailing. People and Culture are the two main aspects which give Woolworth a competitive edge. To maintain this, the Retailer has to extend the benefits of social welfare by spending $63 million for staff focused initiatives. This is the key to sustainability in order to maintain satisfied employees to undertake the economic business responsibility. This is the central resource to be mobilized as the driver of sustainability. Corporate stakeholders of Woolworths and Woolworth’s engagement abo ut sustainability issues Community and the customers Plastic bags, GM foods, Responsible sale of alcohol are among the cited examples that Woolworth has had in its target. Recycling of plastic bags was improved through the elimination of the blue plastic bags that were used for bananas. New display methods have allowed them and their supplies to save on costs. This overall helps in creating a safe environment for the community. Responsible food retailer has had its way through educating the community on key issues on genetically modified foods, Foodbank, fresh food kids program etc. Government Compliance with government regulations is seen in aspects of selling alcohol responsibly and responsible serving of gaming. To attain liquor licenses, it had to acquire pubs that engaged in gaming activities. Woolworth has had the responsibility in producing the alcohol range expected before sale. It has encouraged honesty in gambling among its staff. Woolworth has also been working with suppl iers in compliance with organisations ethical supply

Leadership themes in World and American Hist Essay

Leadership themes in World and American Hist - Essay Example Subsequently, Deng implemented a development plan for the foundation of the Chinese economy known as the ‘Four Modernization policy’ (Benson, 2013). The approach focused on key development sectors such as agriculture, defense, industrialization, science, and technology. According to Benson (2013), Deng paid more attention to agriculture since it was the main economic and social activity in China (80%). Investing in agriculture would reduce poverty and hunger levels; hence, increasing the national economic growth. The modernization of the industry had more setbacks compared to other policies leading to a slow growth (Benson, 2013). However, agriculture provided a foundation for science and technology that would be used in mechanization of agriculture and production of ammunition for the military. Additionally, it also attracted urban and rural workers due to the high pays leading to higher rates of economic development. In the long-run, the economic growth under Deng’s reign attracted foreign investors that also contributed positively to the development. China also signed international treaties that linked its market to the global markets. The foundation of the CPP was a major political revolution in China under Deng (Benson, 2013). However, he had to change the political ideologies of most of the leaders. Consequently, he initiated a plan to eliminate some of the higher-ranking leaders in the party to ensure that the new members would follow his rule. He slowly dismantled China’s socialist ideas by adopting the Marxist-Leninist thought. The proposal had both political and economic benefits since his network of leaders made sure that it infiltrated the Chinese villages (Benson, 2013). China was under an imperial leadership structure that did not allow for any uprising from the public. Deng presented a political ideology that was recognized internationally mostly due to the previous notion of the enemy and